Supplements to lower blood sugar levels

Surveys have shown more than 60 percent of adults with diabetes use supplements to help manage their blood sugar levels.

Supplements are regulated under the umbrella of foods and do not undergo the same testing for safety and effectiveness as medications. Although some supplements have been studied for managing diabetes, evidence regarding their effectiveness is often limited. The American Diabetes Association warns that research on many supplements is inconclusive and that certain supplements may pose risks.

Supplements should never be used in place of effective diabetes treatment prescribed by your healthcare provider. Be sure to discuss any supplements you are considering taking with your physician and care team.

Understanding blood sugar levels

Your blood sugar level describes the amount of glucose in your blood. Glucose is the body's primary energy source and comes from the foods you eat, especially carbohydrates. As food is broken down, glucose enters your bloodstream.

Glucose helps your body carry out essential functions. Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar becomes too low. When you do not consume enough food to maintain blood sugar levels, glycogen (a storage form of glucose) is released for your body to use.

To prevent blood sugar levels from rising too high, your pancreas releases insulin, a hormone that helps glucose move from the bloodstream into cells. If your body doesn't make enough insulin or doesn't use it effectively, blood sugar levels rise above normal. This is known as hyperglycemia.

Hyperglycemia can be caused by major illnesses, hormonal disorders, trauma and other conditions, but diabetes is the most common cause. Over time, high blood sugar levels can damage nerves and organs.

Types of diabetes

There are two main types of diabetes:

• Type 1 diabetes develops when the body's immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that make insulin.
• Type 2 diabetes is much more common and typically develops later in life, though it is increasingly seen in younger people. It occurs when the body's cells stop responding normally to insulin, forcing the pancreas to produce more. Over time, the pancreas may not be able to keep up, causing blood sugar levels to rise. Obesity is a common risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

Supplements to lower blood sugar levels

Cinnamon

Some studies have shown this common spice may help in lowering blood sugar by increasing insulin sensitivity and mimicking some effects of insulin.

When taken at the recommended dosage of 3-6 g/day, cinnamon is generally well-tolerated. However, it is still unclear whether cinnamon is an effective supplement for managing diabetes. Studies have only shown marginal improvements in blood sugar levels.

The American Diabetes Association suggests people with type 2 diabetes include cinnamon in their diet to reduce risk factors commonly associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, it is not a replacement for physician-prescribed diabetes medication.

Cautions: Cinnamon may be unsafe at high doses and should be avoided by people taking warfarin or those with liver issues.

Ginseng

Ginseng has been studied for its potential ability to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. Some research suggests it may improve fasting blood sugar levels and insulin sensitivity.

An article published in Diabetes Spectrum suggests that taking 3 grams of ginseng before meals may help lower fasting glucose levels. There is no proof that taking a higher dose of ginseng would produce added benefits.

Cautions: Ginseng can interact with warfarin, insulin and other diabetes medications. Side effects may include headache, diarrhea and insomnia.

Aloe vera

Aloe vera, which comes from the succulent plant by the same name, has many medicinal properties. Some studies suggest it may improve fasting blood glucose levels and may even improve hemoglobin A1C. Most experts agree more research is needed to confirm the benefits of aloe vera as a supplement to lower blood sugar levels.

Cautions: Taking oral aloe vera alongside type 2 diabetes medications can cause a serious drop in blood sugar levels. Aloe vera may also have a laxative effect that could interfere with absorption of other medications.

Berberine

Berberine is a plant compound found in several herbs, including barberry and goldenseal. Research suggests it may help support healthy blood glucose levels, improve insulin sensitivity and support lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes.

Cautions: Possible side effects include nausea, diarrhea, gas and constipation.

Vitamin D

Studies have shown low vitamin D levels are associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. While scientists continue to study the relationship, vitamin D3 appears to play a role in glucose metabolism and overall health.

Low vitamin D levels are common, affecting an estimated 15 percent of adults in the U.S. The main source of vitamin D comes from sunlight. The vitamin can also be found in egg yolks, fatty fish and fortified milk and cereals.

Cautions: Talk with your doctor before starting vitamin D supplements. A blood test can determine whether supplementation is necessary. Excessive vitamin D can be toxic in rare cases.

Magnesium

According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, individuals who consume diets rich in magnesium may have a lower risk of developing diabetes. Some studies also suggest magnesium supplements may help improve blood sugar control and insulin sensitivity in those with diabetes or prediabetes.

Foods rich in magnesium include:

• Legumes
• Seeds
• Nuts
• Whole grains
• Spinach

Cautions: Magnesium supplements can interfere with certain medications, including bisphosphonates, antibiotics, diuretics and proton pump inhibitors.

A multifaceted approach to managing diabetes

Diabetes affects nearly every part of your body. Successful diabetes management includes controlling blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol levels. It often requires a combination of a healthy diet, exercise, prescribed medications and, in some cases, carefully selected supplements.

Working with your healthcare team can help you understand your risks, choose appropriate treatment and achieve your best possible health.